erse 1]
if i had it my way, i would take you down
if i had it my way, i would turn you out
and if my body had a say, i would come again
scared of what i might say, cause i’m at the edge
[pre-chorus]
and our eyes are crossing paths across the room
there’s only one thing left for us to do
[chorus]
you can touch me with slow hands
speed it up, baby, make me sweat
dreamland, take me there cause i want your s*x
if my body had a say, i wouldn’t turn away
touch, make love, taste you
if my body told the truth, baby i would do
just what i want to
[verse 2]
if i had it my way, i would take the lead
and if i had it my way, i would take you deep
if my body had a say, i’d get it off my chest
show you all the red lace underneath this dress
[pre-chorus]
and our eyes are crossing paths across the room (oooh)
there’s only one thing left for us to do
[chorus]
you can touch me with slow hands
speed it up, baby, make me sweat
dreamland, take me there cause i want your s*x
if my body had a say, i wouldn’t turn away
touch, make love, taste you
if my body told the truth, baby i would do
just what i want to
[bridge]
my mind is getting in the way
can’t feel what my body say
i’mma tell you anyway
i’mma tell you anyway
my mind is getting in the way
can’t feel what my body say
i’mma show you anyway
i’mma show you anyway
[pre-chorus – shortened]
there’s only one thing left for us to do
oh, you can
[chorus]
you can touch me with slow hands
speed it up, baby, make me sweat
dreamland, take me there cause i want your s*x
if my body had a say, i wouldn’t turn away
touch, make love, taste you
if my body told the truth, baby i would do
just what i want to
you can touch me with slow hands
dreamland
if my body had a say, i wouldn’t turn away
touch, make love, taste you
if my body told the truth, baby i would do
just what i want to
Selasa, 08 November 2016
Lyric The chainsmokers ft. Halsey - Closer
"Closer"
(feat. Halsey)
Hey, I was doing just fine before I met you
I drink too much and that's an issue
But I'm Ok
Hey, tell your friends it was nice to meet them
But I hope I never see them again
I know it breaks your heart
Moved to the city in a broke down car
And four years, no calls
Now you're looking pretty in a hotel bar
And I, I, I, I, I can't stop
No, I, I, I, I, I can't stop
So baby pull me closer in the back seat of your Rover
That I know you can't afford
Bite that tattoo on your shoulder
Pull the sheets right off the corner
Of that mattress that you stole
From your roommate back in Boulder
We ain't ever getting older
We ain't ever getting older
We ain't ever getting older
You, look as good as the day I met you
I forget just why I left you, I was insane
Stay, and play that Blink-182 song
That we beat to death in Tucson, OK
I know it breaks your heart
Moved to the city in a broke down car
And four years, no call
Now I'm looking pretty in a hotel bar
And I, I, I, I, I can't stop
No, I, I, I, I, I can't stop
So baby pull me closer in the back seat of your Rover
That I know you can't afford
Bite that tattoo on your shoulder
Pull the sheets right off the corner
Of that mattress that you stole
From your roommate back in Boulder
We ain't ever getting older
We ain't ever getting older
We ain't ever getting older
So baby pull me closer in the back seat of your Rover
That I know you can't afford
Bite that tattoo on your shoulder
Pull the sheets right off the corner
Of that mattress that you stole
From your roommate back in Boulder
We ain't ever getting older
We ain't ever getting older
No, we ain't ever getting older
We ain't ever getting older
No, we ain't ever getting older
We ain't ever getting older
We ain't ever getting older
We ain't ever getting older
No, we ain't ever getting older
We ain't ever getting older
No, we ain't ever getting older
(feat. Halsey)
Hey, I was doing just fine before I met you
I drink too much and that's an issue
But I'm Ok
Hey, tell your friends it was nice to meet them
But I hope I never see them again
I know it breaks your heart
Moved to the city in a broke down car
And four years, no calls
Now you're looking pretty in a hotel bar
And I, I, I, I, I can't stop
No, I, I, I, I, I can't stop
So baby pull me closer in the back seat of your Rover
That I know you can't afford
Bite that tattoo on your shoulder
Pull the sheets right off the corner
Of that mattress that you stole
From your roommate back in Boulder
We ain't ever getting older
We ain't ever getting older
We ain't ever getting older
You, look as good as the day I met you
I forget just why I left you, I was insane
Stay, and play that Blink-182 song
That we beat to death in Tucson, OK
I know it breaks your heart
Moved to the city in a broke down car
And four years, no call
Now I'm looking pretty in a hotel bar
And I, I, I, I, I can't stop
No, I, I, I, I, I can't stop
So baby pull me closer in the back seat of your Rover
That I know you can't afford
Bite that tattoo on your shoulder
Pull the sheets right off the corner
Of that mattress that you stole
From your roommate back in Boulder
We ain't ever getting older
We ain't ever getting older
We ain't ever getting older
So baby pull me closer in the back seat of your Rover
That I know you can't afford
Bite that tattoo on your shoulder
Pull the sheets right off the corner
Of that mattress that you stole
From your roommate back in Boulder
We ain't ever getting older
We ain't ever getting older
No, we ain't ever getting older
We ain't ever getting older
No, we ain't ever getting older
We ain't ever getting older
We ain't ever getting older
We ain't ever getting older
No, we ain't ever getting older
We ain't ever getting older
No, we ain't ever getting older
Lyric Shawn Mendes - Treat you better
"Treat You Better"
I won't lie to you
I know he's just not right for you
And you can tell me if I'm off
But I see it on your face
When you say that he's the one that you want
And you're spending all your time
In this wrong situation
And anytime you want it to stop
I know I can treat you better than he can
And any girl like you deserves a gentleman
Tell me why are we wasting time
On all your wasted crying
When you should be with me instead
I know I can treat you better
Better than he can
I'll stop time for you
The second you say you'd like me too
I just wanna give you the loving that you're missing
Baby, just to wake up with you
Would be everything I need and this could be so different
Tell me what you want to do
'Cause I know I can treat you better than he can
And any girl like you deserves a gentleman
Tell me why are we wasting time
On all your wasted crying
When you should be with me instead
I know I can treat you better
Better than he can
Better than he can
Give me a sign
Take my hand, we'll be fine
Promise I won't let you down
Just know that you don't
Have to do this alone
Promise I'll never let you down
'Cause I know I can treat you better than he can
And any girl like you deserves a gentleman
Tell me why are we wasting time
On all your wasted crying
When you should be with me instead
I know I can treat you better
Better than he can
Better than he can
Better than he can
I won't lie to you
I know he's just not right for you
And you can tell me if I'm off
But I see it on your face
When you say that he's the one that you want
And you're spending all your time
In this wrong situation
And anytime you want it to stop
I know I can treat you better than he can
And any girl like you deserves a gentleman
Tell me why are we wasting time
On all your wasted crying
When you should be with me instead
I know I can treat you better
Better than he can
I'll stop time for you
The second you say you'd like me too
I just wanna give you the loving that you're missing
Baby, just to wake up with you
Would be everything I need and this could be so different
Tell me what you want to do
'Cause I know I can treat you better than he can
And any girl like you deserves a gentleman
Tell me why are we wasting time
On all your wasted crying
When you should be with me instead
I know I can treat you better
Better than he can
Better than he can
Give me a sign
Take my hand, we'll be fine
Promise I won't let you down
Just know that you don't
Have to do this alone
Promise I'll never let you down
'Cause I know I can treat you better than he can
And any girl like you deserves a gentleman
Tell me why are we wasting time
On all your wasted crying
When you should be with me instead
I know I can treat you better
Better than he can
Better than he can
Better than he can
Lyric The chainsmokers - inside out
"Inside Out"
(feat. Charlee)
Bend your chest open so I can read your heart
I need to get inside, or I'll start a war
Wanna look at the pieces that make you who you are
I wanna build you up and pick you apart
Let me see the dark sides as well as the bright
I'm gonna love you inside out
I'm gonna love you inside out
Let me see the dark sides as well as the bright
I'm gonna love you inside out
I'm gonna love you inside out
I'm gonna love you in...
I'm gonna love you
I'm gonna love you
I'm gonna pick your brain and get to know your thoughts
So I can read your mind when you don't wanna talk
And can I touch your face before you go
I collect your scales but you don't have to know
Let me see the dark sides as well as the bright
I'm gonna love you inside out
I'm gonna love you inside out
Let me see the dark sides as well as the bright
I'm gonna love you inside out
I'm gonna love you inside out
I'm gonna love you in...
I'm gonna love you
I'm gonna love you
I'm gonna love you inside out
(Your love, inside out)
I'm gonna love you inside out
I'm gonna love you inside out
Inside out
(Your love, inside out)
I'm gonna love, I'm gonna love you inside out
Ou-ou-ou-out, ou-ou-ou-out
(I'm gonna love you)
Ou-ou-ou-out, ou-ou-ou-out
(I'm gonna love you)
Ou-ou-ou-out, ou-ou-ou-out
(I'm gonna love you)
(feat. Charlee)
Bend your chest open so I can read your heart
I need to get inside, or I'll start a war
Wanna look at the pieces that make you who you are
I wanna build you up and pick you apart
Let me see the dark sides as well as the bright
I'm gonna love you inside out
I'm gonna love you inside out
Let me see the dark sides as well as the bright
I'm gonna love you inside out
I'm gonna love you inside out
I'm gonna love you in...
I'm gonna love you
I'm gonna love you
I'm gonna pick your brain and get to know your thoughts
So I can read your mind when you don't wanna talk
And can I touch your face before you go
I collect your scales but you don't have to know
Let me see the dark sides as well as the bright
I'm gonna love you inside out
I'm gonna love you inside out
Let me see the dark sides as well as the bright
I'm gonna love you inside out
I'm gonna love you inside out
I'm gonna love you in...
I'm gonna love you
I'm gonna love you
I'm gonna love you inside out
(Your love, inside out)
I'm gonna love you inside out
I'm gonna love you inside out
Inside out
(Your love, inside out)
I'm gonna love, I'm gonna love you inside out
Ou-ou-ou-out, ou-ou-ou-out
(I'm gonna love you)
Ou-ou-ou-out, ou-ou-ou-out
(I'm gonna love you)
Ou-ou-ou-out, ou-ou-ou-out
(I'm gonna love you)
Lyric Drake - One Dance
"One Dance"
(feat. Kyla, Wizkid)
[Intro - Kyla & Wizkid:]
Baby, I like your style
[Verse 1 - Drake:]
Grips on your waist
Front way, back way
You know that I don't play
Streets not safe
But I never run away
Even when I'm away
Oti, oti, there's never much love when we go OT
I pray to make it back in one piece
I pray, I pray
[Hook - Drake:]
That's why I need a one dance
Got a Hennessy in my hand
One more time 'fore I go
Higher powers taking a hold on me
I need a one dance
Got a Hennessy in my hand
One more time 'fore I go
Higher powers taking a hold on me
[Bridge - Kyla & Wizkid:]
Baby, I like your style
[Verse 2 - Drake:]
Strength and guidance
All that I'm wishing for my friends
Nobody makes it from my ends
I had to bust up the silence
You know you gotta stick by me
Soon as you see the text, reply me
I don't wanna spend time fighting
We've got no time
[Hook - Drake:]
And that's why I need a one dance
Got a Hennessy in my hand
One more time 'fore I go
Higher powers taking a hold on me
I need a one dance
Got a Hennessy in my hand
One more time 'fore I go
Higher powers taking a hold on me
[Break - Wizkid:]
Got a pretty girl and she love me long time
Wine it, wine it, very long time
Oh, yeah, she steady on grindin'
Back up, back up, back up and wine it
Back up, back up and wine it
Back up, back up, back up and wine it
Oh, yeah, she steady on grindin'
Back up, back up and wine it, girl
[Bridge - Kyla & Wizkid:]
Tell me, I need to know, where do you wanna go?
'Cause if you're down, I'll take it slow
Make you lose control
Where, where, where
Where, where, where, where
Oh, yeah, she steady on grindin'
Where, where, where
Back up, back up and wine it, girl
Where, where, where, where
'Cause if you're down
Back up, back up and
'Cause if you're down
Back up, back up and
'Cause if you're down
Back up, back up and
[Hook - Drake:]
I need a one dance
Got a Hennessy in my hand
One more time 'fore I go
Higher powers taking a hold on me
I need a one dance
Got a Hennessy in my hand
One more time 'fore I go
Higher powers taking a hold on me
(feat. Kyla, Wizkid)
[Intro - Kyla & Wizkid:]
Baby, I like your style
[Verse 1 - Drake:]
Grips on your waist
Front way, back way
You know that I don't play
Streets not safe
But I never run away
Even when I'm away
Oti, oti, there's never much love when we go OT
I pray to make it back in one piece
I pray, I pray
[Hook - Drake:]
That's why I need a one dance
Got a Hennessy in my hand
One more time 'fore I go
Higher powers taking a hold on me
I need a one dance
Got a Hennessy in my hand
One more time 'fore I go
Higher powers taking a hold on me
[Bridge - Kyla & Wizkid:]
Baby, I like your style
[Verse 2 - Drake:]
Strength and guidance
All that I'm wishing for my friends
Nobody makes it from my ends
I had to bust up the silence
You know you gotta stick by me
Soon as you see the text, reply me
I don't wanna spend time fighting
We've got no time
[Hook - Drake:]
And that's why I need a one dance
Got a Hennessy in my hand
One more time 'fore I go
Higher powers taking a hold on me
I need a one dance
Got a Hennessy in my hand
One more time 'fore I go
Higher powers taking a hold on me
[Break - Wizkid:]
Got a pretty girl and she love me long time
Wine it, wine it, very long time
Oh, yeah, she steady on grindin'
Back up, back up, back up and wine it
Back up, back up and wine it
Back up, back up, back up and wine it
Oh, yeah, she steady on grindin'
Back up, back up and wine it, girl
[Bridge - Kyla & Wizkid:]
Tell me, I need to know, where do you wanna go?
'Cause if you're down, I'll take it slow
Make you lose control
Where, where, where
Where, where, where, where
Oh, yeah, she steady on grindin'
Where, where, where
Back up, back up and wine it, girl
Where, where, where, where
'Cause if you're down
Back up, back up and
'Cause if you're down
Back up, back up and
'Cause if you're down
Back up, back up and
[Hook - Drake:]
I need a one dance
Got a Hennessy in my hand
One more time 'fore I go
Higher powers taking a hold on me
I need a one dance
Got a Hennessy in my hand
One more time 'fore I go
Higher powers taking a hold on me
Lyric Alan walker - faded
you were the shadow to my light
did you feel us
another start
you fade away
afraid our aim is out of sight
wanna se us
alight
where are you now
where are you now
where are you now
was it all in my fantasy
where are you now
were you only imaginary
where are you now
atlantis
under the sea
under the sea
where are you now
another dream
the monsters running wild inside of me
i’m faded
i’m faded
so lost,
i’m faded
i’m faded
so lost,
i’m faded
these shallow waters, never met
what i needed
i’m letting go
a deeper dive
eternal silence of the sea
i’m breathing
alive
where are you now
where are you now
under the bright
but faded lights
you set my heart on fire
where are you now
where are you now
where are you now
atlantis under the sea
under the sea
where are you now
another dream
the monsters running wild inside of me
i’m faded
i’m faded
so lost,
i’m faded
i’m faded
so lost,
i’m faded.
did you feel us
another start
you fade away
afraid our aim is out of sight
wanna se us
alight
where are you now
where are you now
where are you now
was it all in my fantasy
where are you now
were you only imaginary
where are you now
atlantis
under the sea
under the sea
where are you now
another dream
the monsters running wild inside of me
i’m faded
i’m faded
so lost,
i’m faded
i’m faded
so lost,
i’m faded
these shallow waters, never met
what i needed
i’m letting go
a deeper dive
eternal silence of the sea
i’m breathing
alive
where are you now
where are you now
under the bright
but faded lights
you set my heart on fire
where are you now
where are you now
where are you now
atlantis under the sea
under the sea
where are you now
another dream
the monsters running wild inside of me
i’m faded
i’m faded
so lost,
i’m faded
i’m faded
so lost,
i’m faded.
RECOMMENDED PLACES TO VISIT IN BANDUNG
BEGONIA FLOWER GARDEN LEMBANG
Begonia Park named for the garden or the park is dominated by balinea interest. Balinea a begonia flowers from bali, bali begonia flower has its advantages can be dense flowering season. In addition, this kind of flowers can be grown in the highlands and the lowlands, another advantage of this flower is resistant to hot and rainy weather.
Parks Begonia Lembang is the place that suited my friend visit with family and children - children, here my friend can introduce various types of flowers and plants to the child. Plants are available there include: chili, corn, eggplant purple, white eggplant, tomatoes, cacti, and other plants. While the flowers are available in the park begonias, among others: Celosia Flower, Flowers Geranium, Flower Melampodium, salvia Flowers, Flowers Impatiens, and still a lot of interest - other flowers. In the Garden Begonia Lembang, my friend can also buy flowers of various types are available there.
Parks Begonia Begonia Park Lembang
Activity in Lembang Begonia Garden besides take pictures of course ... :) buddy can also enjoy a meal and drinks at the cafe that was there. While eating and drinking buddies will enjoy the fresh mountain air and a view of a beautiful flower garden. In the Garden Begonia Lembang buddy could also perform outbound activities, sights provide outbound arena with the concept of "Fun Treasure Hunt". Begonia Park outbound game in Lembang, among others, Puzzle Treasure, Farm Trekking, Secret Passage, and Pinnata.
2. DUSUN BAMBU
Dusun Bambu is a natural tourist spot located at the foot of Mount Burangrang Lembang presents a tourist area that is equipped with a restaurant, villas and other facilities.Some activities you can do here like cycling while enjoying the cool mountain air Lembang, camping and other outdoor activities.
There are several facilities in the Dusun Bambu such as Burangrang cafe, Kasarung, Purbasari restaurant, village Layung, eagle campt, market equator and tegal pangulinan.
3. D’ranch lembang
De Ranch Lembang tourist charm has captivated many tourism lovers. The number of tourist visits to places of interest in Lembang wrong on this one shows an upward trend over time. In the tourist area of De Ranch Lembang, you can learn to ride a horse. You can even find out about how the maintenance and care of a good horse.
This is of course if you take riding lessons provided there. The air is cool and fresh Bandung very conducive for those who want to remove all the fatigue of the handcuff routine.
De'Ranch Lembang Bandung
De'Ranch wagon ride in Lembang, Bandung
Attractiveness De Ranch Lembang for families holidaying there are activities on horseback, wagon ride, fun boating, archery, gold hunter, and much more. There are a variety of packages as well as a diverse selection of activities that you can specify.
Knowledge of educational skills is a very positive thing for the growth and development of your child, you may be interested to get there. This is a recommended tourist destination Child. Or, you can even take a special package if it comes to it to show the family or tour group of your friends.
4. FLOATING MARKET
Floating market here is not selling vegetables, fruit, or raw meat, but selling a variety of food and snacks are tasty, for example meatballs know, colenak, dumplings, tofu hollow, surabi, grilled sausages, tempeh mendoan, batagor selling traditional, roasted corn, Karedok, brains, grilled sticky rice, grilled durian, mushrooms, dim sum, and others with a starting price of 5,000 rupiah for snacks up to 35,000 rupiah for heavier foods. Moreover, boats selling various kinds of food has also been arranged and neatly parked, unlike in traditional floating market messy, so the visitor who will come to these boats. In total there are about 46 boats with different merchandise.
Besides market flotation, Floating Market Lembang also have facilities around lake gazebo in which you can rent at a cost of 65,000 rupiah per hour. There are also a variety of games and exciting activities are very suitable for small children and families:
5. CAFÉ D’PAKAR DAGO BANDUNG
thing that makes this cafe so special is its natural feel of a very thick. In addition to presenting the beautiful scenery, the air is also very cool cafe with gardens and green garden overgrown with some unique and colorful plants around it. In fact, if OpenRicers using the toilet, the water was cold like in the mountains. Caf DPakar has two rooms that can OpenRicers select the atmosphere is different, namely indoor and outdoor. For those of you who like to take pictures and upload them to the social media, this is a cool place to air-selfie ria using sticks narcissistic (tongsis) are so popular today. There are some interesting spots that can be used as the object image in the cafe which is not less interesting than Starbucks Indonesia, especially the view from Tahura Dago green.
Speaking of unique cafes, incomplete if it does not discuss the menu of food and drinks provided. Menu banana cheese, grilled bananas, toast, coffee aroma and coffee milk at prices below Rp20,000, very cheap and does not drain the deep pockets.
6. TEBING KERATON
This palace was the cliff top Forest Park Ir. H. Juanda. So from this cliff top, you can see the green scenery Forest Park Ir. H. Juanda large extend along the eye can see. This scene will be more beautiful, if you arrive before sunrise or approximately 6am. At that time, you can enjoy the atmosphere of the city who still shrouded in thick fog. Coupled with the beauty of the sun rising behind the hill in the east. All the beauty of natural scenery is indeed most fitting, if you capture with your camera.
To visit Cliff palace, there are some things you should prepare. You must prepare a camera, a jacket to ward off the cold, drinks and petrol vehicle is fully charged. If you are still unsure of how the road to get there, do not be shy to ask. In addition, you are also advised to use the motor, because the roads were impassable not too good.
7. STONE GARDEN PADALARANG
Stone Garden, is the designation for the name of a stretch of land that is filled by irregular rock formations are beautiful and form a natural park. In the Stone Garden, residents duo will see a silent witness of the formation of the Ancient Bandung Lake in ancient times first. Beautiful rock formations combined green pastures shall be made Stone Garden tourist destinations Wargi Bandung. Stone garden is located on a hilltop just above Kanoman. Pawon cave itself, Wargi duo will discover ancient cave contained ancient human fossils to form crouched skeleton, Kanoman is one of the many western wall of the Ancient Lake Bandung remaining. Hilltop stone garden at the peak of Mount Pawon. Tickets and Facilities
Deals! arguably even very cheap, to be able to enjoy the natural beauty that happened hundreds of years Wargi duo should only be issued Rp.5.500,00 per person. And quite Rp.2000-5000 dollars only for parking of vehicles depending on the type of vehicle.
Makalah COURSEBOOK
PREFACE
First at all, give thanks for God’s love and grace for us. Thanks to God for helping us and give us chance to finish this assignment timely and we would like to say thank you to Mrs. Siska Rizkiani,S.Pd.,M.Pd. as the lecturer that always teaches us and give much knowledge about coursebook Evaluation based on Activities.
This assignment is the one of English task that composed of Coursebook Evaluation, we realized this assignment is not perfect, but we hopes it can be useful for us. Critics and suggestion is needed here to make this assignment be better. Hopefully we as a students in “STKIP Siliwangi Bandung” can work more professional. Thank you.
Cimahi, 9 Mei 2015
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ……………………………………………………………………………………….. i
Table of contents …………………………………………………………………………….. ii
Chapter I ( Introduction ) …………………………………………………………………….. 1
- A. Background …………………………………………………………………… 1
- B. Problems Formulation ………………………………………………………… 1
Chapter II ( Discussion ) ……………………………………………………………………… 2
- A. Introduction of course book …………………………………………………… 2
- B. Course book structure ………………………………………………………….. 2
- C. Selection of coursebook ………………………………………………………... 3
- D. Course book fous should be …………………………………………………….4
- E. Evaluation Criteria …………………………………………………………… .. 5
Chapter III ( Closing ) ………………………………………………………………………… 7
- Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………….... 7
References …………………………………………………………………………………….. 8
ii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
One effort to improve the quality of education in schools is a way through the improvement of the teaching process. In which there are teaching and learning. Various concepts and new insights about teaching and learning in schools have emerged and evolved as the rapid development of science and technology with the aim to meet the demands of the times that demand in order to create students who can bring this age better, more advanced and evolved from the days of the past and the present age and is able to develop. The learning process is a series of activities and interaction between students and teachers are controlled through lesson planning. Implementation of the learning process needs to be carried out systematically by the learning procedure has been developed. Therefore, one's ability to be possessed by the learner is able to understand and carry out the procedure of learning in the learning group, individual and classical. To implement this capability should the learner should know about the concept and principles of learning, various types of strategies or stages in the learning process. Good learning activities always begins with a mature plan. Careful planning will show optimal results in learning. Planning is the process of preparing something that will be implemented to achieve the intended purpose. Implementation of these plans can be prepared based on the needs within a particular liking planning maker. But more important is the planning that is made must be carried out easily and precisely goals. And also as lesson planning, which is planned to be in accordance with the educational targets. The teacher as a subject in the learning plan should be able to arrange a variety of teaching programs according approaches and methods to be used. In the context of the decentralization of education as the embodiment equalization quality educational outcomes, and also use a variety of media or means of support such as guide books, the internet or other media.
B. Problem formulation
1. What is the context for the activity?
2. How can you make the context clear and interesting to the learners?
3. What is the point of the activity?
1
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Introduction of Course book
A textbook, a book designed to accompany a specific academic course, or one specified by the writers of the course to be read by its students.
Coursebooks are intended to provide motivating material, ideas, a structure and cohesive syllabus to a language course. Some do this more successfully than others. The role of the teacher cannot be underestimated either. As the old adage goes, only a bad worker blames his or her tools. A good teacher can make even the most dire coursebook a motivational experience for learners and teacher alike.
B. Coursebook Structure
From the viewpoint of its structure we consider a foreign language coursebook (set) to
be a complex material composed of mutually linked components. Here we are considering the
student’s book only. We think that within the coursebook set the student’s book has the key
role because it has been the source of the content of the other parts of the coursebook set
which are there to develop the particular topic in student’s book and offer more space for
students’ individual and cooperative work based on their current and previous knowledge and
skills.
In other words, a work book should offer enough tasks and exercises to develop the
topic from the coursebook, enough material for individual creative work of a learner. The
audio-lingual material (audio or video tapes) should present authentic material for effective
development of oral skills, i.e. listening and speaking.
In our opinion text (main and additional) plays the key role in a coursebook. We think
that it is the most important part of a coursebook from which the other extra-textual parts
2
(exercises, vocabulary, pictures, etc.) should be created. By means of students’ activity and
creativity application, they provide space for the development and extension of the topic dealt
with in the original [initial] text/s because they connect the particular topic with students’
previous acquired knowledge and skills.
COURSEBOOK SET
↓
COURSEBOOK
↓
TEXT →
← EXTRATEXTUAL PARTS
Main: spoken/written exercises auditory & visual
tasks diagrams
Additional projects tables
role play/simulations, etc.
C. Selection of Course books
• Choosing a course book can be extremely difficult. We cannot get a good picture of the suitability of a book until we have been working through it for some time.
• The teacher’s responsibility involves not only student assessment, but also the evaluation of the teaching and learning process itself. This means that the materials must be evaluated as well.
We are not looking for the “Perfect” textbook which meets all our requirements. But rather the best possible fit for what the teachers and the students need.
It is important that the aims of the teaching program determine the materials to be used and not the contrary.
The course book also helps our pupils because it offers them:
a. A sense of purpose, progression and progress.
b. A sense of security.
3
c. Independent and autonomous learning.
d. A reference for checking and revising.
D. Course book Focus Should be
Grammar focus – Sequenced exercises that allow the student to focus on the new grammar point and solidify their learning
Vocabulary Focus – Thematic vocabulary reflected in the chapter
Listening Focus –Functional conversations that introduce the target grammar
Speaking Focus – Interactive speaking task focused on the student’s production of target vocabulary, grammar and functional language.
Pronunciation Focus – Stress rhythm, and intonation practice based on the target vocabulary and grammar
Reading & writing Focus – Thematic passages that incorporate personalized writing activity that stimulates student production of target vocabulary and grammar
Cultural Focus – Topics that introduce the different ways different cultures act in given situations that reflect the principles of positive multiculturalism.
Media Programs - A springboard for student involvement and interaction.
4
E. Evaluation Criteria
Quite a number of experts (Cunningworth, Harmer, Hutchinson, etc.) have been
involved in foreign language material evaluation and adaptation. They have tried to list
evaluation criteria in order that a foreign language teacher can choose ‘the best’ coursebook
(set) for his/her learners. Taking those conclusions into consideration we can consider two
aspects to be the key ones: evaluation of a coursebook as a whole and evaluation and testing
of acquired knowledge and skills presented by the coursebook.
Taking into consideration the opinions of other authors, we would like to present the
following criteria which we consider important in a foreign language coursebook evaluation:
external layout and basic information and internal structure and content.
External layout and basic information
A foreign language coursebook respects the addressee, i.e. the student or learner with
regard to the level of his/her proficiency. It also respects the syllabuses for the given school
and learner’s level of foreign language proficiency together with the respect for professional
motivation of a foreign language teacher and learners’ expectations and needs.
Internal structure and content
We highlight the following criteria:
• the choice and application of methods with regard to teaching, learning and
acquisition;
• presentation of grammar and lexis with respect to the principles from the known to the
unknown, from the easier to more difficult, from the focus to the margin;
5
• the link between exercises, activities and tests with the theme of the main text aiming
at the development of creativity and independence of students;
• the choice of text with regard to students’ age, interests and the level of their
communicative competence; it is the main text and additional texts which help to
develop students’ knowledge about the English speaking countries in comparison with
students’ own country and language;
• the respect of socio-cultural and multicultural factors and interests of students;
• the development of integrated skills;
• functional non-verbal material;
• functional additional material (even authentic material);
• validity and reliability of tests;
• respect for the application of various learning styles and styles of second language
acquisition;
• the role of mother tongue;
• functions of other parts of the coursebook set.
6
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Conclusion
The learning process is a process in which there is activity between the teacher-student interaction and reciprocal communication that takes place in an educational situation to achieve the learning objectives. So many stages of learning that teachers must learn to support learning activities. But in general, simply learning stage consists of pre learning, learning presentation and follow-up study. By knowing the various processes of learning expected of a teacher can apply all these processes in learning activities, particularly in implementing activities in accordance with course book that has been available. it is meant for learning more in line with the expected goals, more optimal, more structured, more creating a learning environment that is fun, exciting, effective,and,efficient.
The learning process is a process in which there is activity between the teacher-student interaction and reciprocal communication that takes place in an educational situation to achieve the learning objectives. So many stages of learning that teachers must learn to support learning activities. But in general, simply learning stage consists of pre learning, learning presentation and follow-up study. By knowing the various processes of learning expected of a teacher can apply all these processes in learning activities, particularly in implementing activities in accordance with course book that has been available. it is meant for learning more in line with the expected goals, more optimal, more structured, more creating a learning environment that is fun, exciting, effective,and,efficient.
From the description and explanation above, then we will know that everything in the learning process, there are several stages. Starting from the planning stages of learning or learning preparation then what has been planned is implemented (implementation phase of learning) and the last is the evaluation of the learning of all the components that are inside, ranging from instructional planning, implementation of learning and learning outcomes.
7
REFERENCES
Williams, M., Burden, R. L. (1997) Psychology for Language Teachers. CUP.
Tandlichová Eva .EFL coursebook in learner-centred learning and teaching.Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
8
kewirausahaan - rencana bisnis
BAB
10 – RENCANA BISNIS
Diajukan
untuk memenuhi tugas mata kuliah kewirausahaan.
(RINGKASAN)
Dosen
: Kaswan S.Pd. ,M.M
By
:
•
Ardy
Wiranagara ( 13220406 )
•
Eka
Widianti Hasanah ( 13220334 )
•
Lukman
Hakim ( 13220394 )
•
Tanti
Nurmayanti ( 13220509 )
•
Tetang
I Ramadhan ( 13220366 )
•
Wini
Nurlaela Wati ( 13220480 )
English
Education Study Program
Language
and Arts Department
STKIP
Siliwangi Bandung
2015
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar
Belakang
Perencanaan usaha merupakan langkah
awal yang menunjukkan bahwa seseorang serius untuk berwirausaha, dan untuk
menghindari faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan kegagalan, serta mengantisipasi
setiap tantangan yang akan dihadapi dalam menjalankan usaha.
Rencana usaha harus dibuat karena
Perencanaan merupakan titik awal dari suatu kegiatan, sekali gagal dalam
perencanaan maka akan mengalami kesulitan dalam pelaksanaan. Di samping itu
pembuatan rencana usaha menunjukkan sikap yang kurang sungguh-sungguh dalam
berusaha dan komitmen yang kuat untuk menjalankan usahanya sehingga tidak mudah
menyerah dan putus asa ketika menghadapi setiap kendala dan resiko usaha.
B. Tujuan
Penulisan
Tujuan yang ingin di capai dalam
penulisan makalah ini yaitu mampu membuat suatu perencanaan usaha.
BAB II
PEMBAHASAN
A. Pengertian
Perencanaan Usaha
Perencanaan adalah serangkaian
tindakan yang akan dilakukan untuk masa mendatang dalam rangka mencapai tujuan
yang diinginkan.
Menurut Dan Steinhoff dan John F.
Burgess (1993) (dalam Suryana,2003) wirausaha adalah orang yang mengorganisir,
mengelola dan berani menanggung resiko untuk menciptakan usaha baru dan peluang
berusaha. Untuk dapat melakukan semua itu diperlukan sebuah perencanaan yang
tepat dan terperinci, sebab perencanaan usaha merupakan suatu alat untuk
memastikan bahwa sebuah usaha dijalankan dengan benar dan tepat, yang mencakup
pemilihan kegiatan yang akan dijalankan, bagaimana menjalankan dan kapan
dimulai dan selesainya pekerjaan itu, untuk membantu tercapainya tujuan usaha.
Seorang wirausaha, menurut Norman M.
Scarborough dan Thomas W. Zimmerer (1993) (dalam Suryana,2003), mengemukakan
definisi wirausaha sebagai berikut : Wirausaha adalah orang yang menciptakan
bisnis baru dalam menghadapi resiko dan ketidakpastian dengan maksud untuk
memperoleh keuntungan dan pertumbuhan dengan cara mengenali peluang dan
mengombinasikan sumber-sumber yang diperlukan untuk memanfaatkan peluang
tersebut. Untuk itu seorang wirausaha harus memiliki kemampuan menyusun rencana
usaha yang terangkum di dalamnya teknik bisnis yang akan dijalankan,
visualisasikan usaha, cara menggali dan mengelola sumber daya perusahaan.
B. Pentingnya
Rencana Usaha
Rencana usaha merupakan sesuatu yang
penting bagi seorang pengusaha di mana David H. Bangs, Jr. (1995) menyatakan
bahwa seorang pengusaha yang tidak bisa membuat perencanaan sebenarnya
merencanakan kegagalan. Rencana usaha harus dibuat tertulis sehingga dapat
dijadikan sebagai rujukan dan pedoman untuk menjaga agar kegiatan bisnis
terarah dan focus pada pencapaian tujuan. Dengan membuat suatu penilaian
terlebih dahulu sebelum melakukan investasi yang kemudian dituangkan dalam
suatu laporan secara tertulis, Manfaat yang bisa diperoleh dari perencanaan
bisnis adalah, bisa digunakan sebagai pedoman atau alat untuk mengetahui apakah
kegiatan bisnis yang akan dijalankan itu memungkinkan dan memiliki kelayakan
untuk dijalankan dan berapa waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mewujudkannya serta
dapat dijadikan sebagai alat pengawasan.
Menurut Bygrave, (1994:115) ada
beberapa alasan penting mengapa orang harus menyusun perencanaan usaha:
1. Untuk Menunjukkan
Bahwa Bisnis Ini Layak Dan Menguntungkan
Perencanaan usaha akan membuat kita dapat melihat dengan
jelas apakah usaha yang dijalankan nanti memiliki keberhasilan yang tinggi dan
juga harus bisa menyakinkan orang lain tidak akan merugi bila melakukan
kerjasama dengan anda.
2. Untuk Mendapatkan
Pembiayaan Bank
Dengan adanya perencanaan usaha yang jelas akan memudahkan
kita untuk mencari bantuan kerjasama dari berbagai pihak karena didalam
perencanaan usaha menunjukkan aspek keuangan,dan aspek pemasaran yang hal
tersebut akan memudahkan kita mendapat dukungan berupa pinjaman melalui bank
3. Untuk Mendapatkan Dana
Investasi
Perencanaan usaha yang jelas juga memungkinkan kita untuk
mendapatkan pinjaman melalui pihak-pihak lain yang potensial yang akan
mendukung pemenuhan investasi usaha kita.
4. Untuk Mengatur Dengan
Siapa Harus Bekerjasama
Mengatur dan membentuk kerjasama dengan
perusahaan-perusahaan lain yang sudah ada dan saling menguntungkan misalnya
dari para produsen yang dapat diharapkan memasok barang buat perusahaan anda
5. Untuk Mendapatkan
Kontrak Besar
Perencanaan yang baik menarit minat perusahaan-perusahaan
yang lebih besar memberi pekerjaan atau kontrak yang dapat dikerjakan oleh
perusahaan anda
6. Untuk Menarik Tenaga
Kerja Inti
Perencanaan yang baik mengundang orang-orang tertentu yang
potensial atau mempunyai keahlian untuk bergabung bekerja sama dengan anda.
Mungkin saja anda memerlukan orangorang yang mempunyai kemampuan untuk
menduduki posisi kunci dalam perusahaan anda namun anda harus berhati-hati
menerima orang-orang tertentu yang dapat pula menjerumuskan perusahaan anda
yang baru berdiri
7. Untuk Memotivasi Dan
Fokus
Perencanaaan yang baik menjamin adanya perhatian yang fokus
pada tujuan dari berbagai personil yang ada dalam perusahaan. Sebab sebuah
perusahaan akan bertumbuh makin lama makin komplek sehingga business
plan menjadi komponen yang sangat penting bagi setiap oranguntuk tetap
berpijak pada arah yang benar.
Disamping itu perencanaan usaha juga
merupakan dokumen yang disediakan oleh wirausaha yang memuat rincian tentang
masa lalu, keadaan sekarang dan kecenderungan masa depan dari sebuah
perusahaan. Isinya bisa mencakup analisis tentang pengelolaan usaha, keadaan
fisik bangunan, karyawan, produk, sumber permodalan, informasi tentang jalannya
perusahaan selama ini dan posisi pasar dari perusahaan. rincian profit, neraca
perusahaan, proyeksi aliran kas untuk dua tahun yang akan datang. Juga memuat
pandangan dan ide dari anggota tim pengelola usaha. Hal ini menyangkut strategi
tujuan perusahaan yang hendak dicapai.Perencanaan usaha bisa dibuat dalam
bentuk jangka pendek ataupun jangka panjang sehingga dapat ditentukan langkah
awal dan pentahapan program kegiatan yang akan dilakukan dan target yang hendak
dicapai serta resiko,hambatan dan tantangan yang akan dihadapi pada setiap
tahapannya dan ini merupakan rencana perjalanan yang akan diikuti oleh
wirausaha. kedalaman dan rincian dari sebuah perencanaan usaha sangat
tergantung kepada luasnya bisnis yang akan dilakukan, dan kompleksitas dari
proses pengelolaan bisnis tersebut. Perencanaan usaha juga harus didasarkan
pada kebutuhan masyarakat akan adanya barang dan jasa yang ditawarkan oleh
perusahaan tersebut, sehingga perencanaan usaha harus berbasis pada permintaan
pasar.
C. Isi
Rencana Usaha
1. Tampilan
Cover
Tampilan cover depan perencanaan
usaha harus menarik dan dapat mewakilkan jenis karakter dari usaha yang
tercerminkan melalui design dan warna yang sesuai.Disamping itu harus sedapat
mungkin memiliki perbedaan dengan pesaing serta,berisi informasi nama usaha,
domisili / alamat tempat usaha serta nomor telepon yang dapat dihubungi.
2. Pendahuluan
Pada
pendahuluan ini berisi tentang :
1.1. Rangkuman
Kegiatan Rencana Usaha
Rangkuman
kegiatan rencana usaha ini berisi tentang :
a. Laporan
singkat gambaran perusahaan
b. Laporan
singkat gambaran tentang produk
c. Laporan
singkat gambaran pasar tentang produk
d. Laporan
singkat gambaran Manajemen perusahaan
e. Laporan
singkat gambaran anggaran perusahaan
1.2.Latar
Belakang Bisnis
Berisi
tentang latar belakang bisnis perusahaan 5 W 1 H (What,Who,Why,Where,When dan
How) difokuskan kepada keunikan yang dimiliki oleh perusahaan dan apa yang
membuat anda atau bisnis anda berbeda dengan yang lain.
1.3. Visi
dan Misi
a) Penjelasan
Visi Perusahaan
Visi adalah
cita-cita yang akan dicapai oleh perusahaan pada periode waktu tertentu 5
sampai dengan 10 tahun
b) Penjelasan
Misi Perusahaan
Misi adalah
penjabaran dari visi yang difokuskan dari keberadaan kenapa perusahaan ini
penting untuk dijalankan.Biasanya didalamnya memasukkan unsur
kepentingan-kepentingan dari pemangku kepentingan perusahaan(Konsumen,Pemilik
modal,karyawan)
1.4.Tujuan
dan Sasaran
a) Penjelasan
tujuan perusahaan
Merupakan
penjabaran dari cita-cita anda yang berhubungan dengan hasil yang ingin anda
capai dari kegiatan usaha yang dijalankan.
b) Penjelasan
sasaran perusahaan
Merupakan
penjabaran lebih rinci hasil yang ingin anda capai dari kegiatan usaha yang dijalankan.Harus
terukur dengan jelas baik secara angka nominal maupun pertumbuhan usaha.
c) Rencana
strategi pencapaian tujuan dan sasaran perusahaan
Program dan
tahapan yang akan dilakukan oleh perusahaan dan ke mana Anda akan membawa tim
dan sistem Anda secara bersama-sama untuk mendapatkan hasil yang maksimal dari
usaha Anda dengan proses yang tepat sasaran dan efisien.
Analisa SWOT
dari Bisnis yang akan dijalankan
a) Analisa
SWOT meliputi Analisa faktor lingkungan internal perusahaan mengenai kekuatan
dan kelemahan organisasi dilakukan dengan membuat kerangka umum yang biasanya
dikenal dengan “ resource base view of the firm “ ( Wernerfelt, 1984 ). Dimana
asumsi-asumsi dasar“ resource base view of the firm “ adalah :Perusahaan
dipandang sebagai sejumlah sumber daya produktif dan setiap perusahaan
mempunyai sejumlah sumber daya yang berbeda.Dan Sumber daya yang membuat
perusahaan mampu menetralisir ancaman dan mengeksploitasi peluang.
b) Selanjutnya
dilakukan analisa faktor lingkungan eksternal untuk menentukan peluang dan
ancaman dari perusahaannya yang terdiri dari 1.Sosial budaya. 2. Ekonomi,
3.Politik, 4.Teknologi, 5.Pesaing, 6.Pelanggan, 7.Kreditur, 8.Debitur,
9.pemerintah, 10.pemasok, 11.serikat buruh, 12.Asosiasi usaha, 13.pesero, 14.lembaga-lembaga
masyarakat, 15.media massa dll.
c) Pemetaan
dalam analisa SWOT ini akan membantu kita untuk menjadikan kekuatan lawan kita
rangkul untuk menutupi kelemahan kita, dan kekuatan kita digunakan untuk
menutup kelemahan lawan. Pendekatan ini disebut pendekatan Win-Win
Solution.Dalam praktek konsep ini berbentuk Aliansi Bisnis Strategik yakni
suatu perjanjian kerjasama biasanya jangka panjang antara 2 atau lebih badan
usaha organisasi untuk menyatukan, menukar dan atau mengintegrasikan kemampuan
dan berbagai sumber daya mereka dalam mencapai tujuan bersama.
3. Aspek
Perijinan Dan Lokasi Usaha
a) Perijinan
Berisi
tentang aspek-aspek perijinan yang diperlukan untuk legalitas usaha dan
kebutuhan kerjasama usaha.
b) Lokasi
Usaha
Perencanaan
lokasi usaha sangat menentukan keberhasilan suatu usaha, untuk itu harus
dipertimbangkan dengan baik dalam menentukan lokasi, apakah harus berdekatan
dengan sumber bahan baku,sumber tenaga kerja atau pasar,tergantung dari
spesifikasi usaha yang dijalankan lebih membutuhkan yang mana.
4. Aspek
Pemasaran
a) Perencanaan
produk
Berisi
tentang perencanaan produk meliputi spesifik produk yang dijual, pembentukan
lini produk dan penawaran individu pada masing-masing lini. Produk itu sendiri
menawarkan manfaat total yang dapat diperoleh pelanggan dengan melakukan
pembelian.
b) Penetapan
harga, yaitu penentuan harga yang dapat mencerminkan nilai kuantitatif dari
produk kepada pelanggan.
c) Sistem
distribusi yaitu wholesale dan retail yang dilalui produk
hingga mencapai konsumen akhir yang membeli dan menggunakannya.
d) Kegiatan
promosi yang meliputi periklanan, personal selling dan tenaga
penjualan
e) Pasar
Penentuan
pasar dan mengukur permintaan pasar merupakan langkah kunci dalam keberhasilan
usaha, dimana perusahaan harus menganalisa pasar yang ada secara terperinci dan
mengidentifikasikan pasar-pasar yang ada kemudian mengelompokan pasar-pasar
potensial dan memperkirakan permintaan baik saat ini maupun di masa yang akan datang.
f) Segmentasi
Pasar
Segmentasi
pasar merupakan langkah dimana perusahaan harus menentukan sasaran pasar yang
akan dilayani.penyeleksian pasar sasaran dan mengukur permintaan pasar sasaran
dengan menganalisa pasar sasaran yang ada secara terperinci dan
mengidentifikasikan pasar-pasar sasaran yang menjadi hot prospek dan
memperkirakan permintaan baik saat ini maupun di masa yang akan datang.
g) Persaingan
Berisi
tentang analisa pesaing utama yang ada dari bisnis yang dijalankan perusahaan
kemudian menggunakan analisa keunggulan dan daya saing yang ada untuk
menentukan wilayah pasar yang potensial ,besaran potensial laba pokok dan
intensitas pemasaran,karena semakin kuat kekuatan maka akan semakin terbatas
kemampuan perusahaan untuk menaikkan harga dan mendapatkan laba yang lebih
besar
5. Aspek
Manajemen Dan Organisasi
a) Manajemen
dan organisasi Usaha
Manajemen
dan organisasi usaha diperlukan untuk menjamin keberlangsungan dan
berkembangnya suatu usaha. Usaha yang menjadi besar membutuhkan pengelolaan
pegawai, bahan baku, proses produksi dan pemasaran. Semakin banyaknya orang dan
proses yang terlibat semakin kita membutuhkan organisasi. Struktur organisasi
dibuat harus dapat membantu pencapaian tujuan jangka pendek dan jangka panjang
perusahaan serta memberikan fasilitas bagi pengembangan dan pencapaian sasaran
yang telah ditetapkan secara efektif dan efisien.
b) Relasi
dan Jaringan
Berisi
tentang strategi untuk menjalin relasi dan jaringan yang dapat mendukung
kegiatan usaha.
6. Aspek
Produksi
a) Diskripsi
Produk dan Jasa
Berisi
tentang penjelasan dan perincian produk atau jasa yang ditawarkan.Syarat utama
agar bisnis dapat berjalan dengan baik,maka produk perusahaan harus dapat
memenuhi kebutuhan dan keinginan konsumen.Sebaliknya jika produknya kurang
memenuhi kebutuhan dan keinginan konsumen, walaupun harganya miring,
distribusinya luas dan promosinya gencar perusahaan kemungkinan besar akan
mengalami kegagalan.
b) Proses
Produksi dan jasa
Berisi
informasi tentang metode ataupun teknik bagaimana produksi itu dilaksanakan.
untuk menciptakan suatu produk dan menambah kegunaan (Utility) suatu barang dan
jasa.Didalam menjelaskan proses produksi ini harus berurutan mulai dari bahan
mentah sampai menjadi barang jadi.Dan jika berupa jasa mulai dari kegiatan awal
sampai menjadi jasa akhir yang diterima oleh pelanggan.
c) Mesin
dan peralatan yang dibutuhkan
Berisi
informasi tentang mesin ataupun peralatan produksi atau jasa yang dibutuhkan
untuk menciptakan suatu produk dan menambah kegunaan (Utility) suatu barang dan
jasa.Didalam penentuan mesin dan peralatan harus dipertimbangkan untung rugi
dari alternatif-alternatif yang ada untuk menghasilkan suatu produk atau jasa,
kemudian dipilih berdasarkan keuntungan relatif terbesar.
d) Bahan
baku dan Bahan Pembantu yang dibutuhkan
Berisi
tentang perencanaan bahan baku dan bahan pembantu yang dibutuhkan oleh perusahaan
untuk menghasilkan produk atau jasa. Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan adalah
suplier, kuantitas, harga beli, persyaratan pembelian, ketersediaan, dan
persediaan.
e) Tenaga
produksi
Berisi
tentang perencanaan tenaga kerja baik langsung maupun tidak langsung yang
dibutuhkan oleh perusahaan untuk menghasilkan produk atau jasa. Hal-hal yang
perlu diperhatikan adalah apakah tenaga produksi itu dibayar borongan,atau
bulanan.Harus disesuaikan dengan besarnya perputaran barang dari permintaan
pasar dan juga arus perputaran uang kas perusahaan.
f) Biaya
produksi
Berisi
tentang perencanaan keuangan khususnya biaya produksi yang dibutuhkan oleh
perusahaan untuk menghasilkan produk atau jasa.Agar tidak terlalu membebani
cash flow perusahaan,biaya produksi sedapat mungkin disesuaikan dengan kondisi
anggaran dan permintaan dari penjualan tunai,sedangkan untuk penjualan kredit
dibatasi disesuaikan dengan target biaya perunit yang telah ditetapkan.
g) Aspek
Keuangan
1. Proyeksi
Anggaran Usaha
Proyeksi
anggaran usaha harus dapat memperlihatkan potensi dana yang dimiliki, kebutuhan
dana eksternal, perhitungan kebutuhan anggaran produksi dan proyeksi pendapatan
perusahaan selama berjalan,dan waktu titik impas kembali modal perusahaan yang
dimuat dalam laporan keuangan berupa neraca, rugi-laba, dan cash flow.
2. Analisa
kelayakan usaha
Analisis ini
berisi tentang perhitungan tingkat pengembalian dari investasi yang ditanamkan
dalam suatu usaha dan pengembalian modal usaha. Perhitungan jumlah dana harta
tetap dan modal kerja awal yang diperlukan,struktur pembiayaan proyek,
kemampuan proyek memperoleh laba, memenuhi financial dan mendatangkan manfaat
sosial ekonomi yang lain.Untuk menjamin transparansi dan menghitung resiko yang
akan dihadapi perlu dibuat simulasi dari berbagai kemungkinan rencana
investasi.
Metode yang
dipergunakan adalah Pay Back Period (PBP) Method, dengan formula umum sbb:
Total
Investasi
Pay Back
Period = --------------------------------------- x 1 tahun
Net Income +
Depresiasi
Analisa BEP
atau titik impas atau titik pulang pokok adalah suatu metode yang mempelajari
hubungan antara biaya, keuntungan, dan volume penjualan/produksi. Analisa BEP
dihitung dengan formula sebagai berikut:
Biaya Tetap
BEP =
--------------------------------------------- x 100%
Hasil
Penjualan – Biaya Variabel
Analisa
kontribusi margin adalah selisih antara hasil penjualan dengan biaya variabel.
Tujuan utama dari pengukuran kontribusi margin ini adalah analisa penentuan
keuntungan maksimum atau kerugian minimum sehingga dapat ditentukan rumusan
untuk menetapkan penjualan minimal dari keuntungan yang telah ditetapkan.
3. Sumber
Pendanaan usaha
Pemerintah
telah menggalakan kebijakan yang mendukung tumbuhnya wirausaha di
Indonesia.Salahsatunya adalah lembaga intermediasi yang mempunyai fungsi
menghimpun dana dari masyarakat dan menyalurkan kembali ke masyarakat dalam
bentuk kredit dan atau bentuk-bentuk lainnya. Lembaga intermediasi yang ada dibedakan
dalam 3 kategori yakni :
a) Berbentuk
Bank tunduk pada Undang-Undang Pokok Perbankan Kredit dengan bunga murah yang
dapat dimanfaatkan oleh perusahaan contohnya Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR),dimana
aspek yang dipentingkan adalah keberlangsungan usaha bukan Kolateral.Semua Bank
baik konvensional,Syariah dan Perkreditan Rakyat memberikan program KUR.
b) Berbentuk
Koperasi Simpan Pinjam tunduk pada Undang-Undang Koperasi
c) Lembaga
Keuangan Mikro lainnya yang belum diatur undang-undang Sumber pendanaan dari
penyisihan laba BUMN termasuk saldo dana Pembinaan Usaha Kecil dan Koperasi
(PUKK) tahun-tahun sebelumnya yang merupakan sumber pendanaan utama dalam
merealisir terwujudnya pemerataan kehidupan perekonomian masyarakat mela-ui
kemitraan dengan para pengusaha kecil dan koperasi serta ling-ungan masyarakat
sekitarnya.Pelaksanaan Program Pembinaan Usaha Kecil, Koperasi (PUKK) dan Bina
Lingkungan dilaksanakan di dalam lingkup masyarakat yang bertujuan untuk
mendorong tercapainya pertumbuhan ekonomi rakyat, melalui pemerataan di sektor
ekonomi dimana anggota masya-rakat golongan pengusaha kecil dan koperasi diberi
kesempatan untuk melakukan perluasan usahanya, berdasarkan bantuan pinjaman
untuk modal kerja / pinjaman lunak yang berasal dari penyisihan laba BUMN.
d) Sumber
pendanaan dari dana pihak ketiga dengan sistim kerjasama atau bagi hasil.
h) Perencanaan
Resiko
Pengertian
Resiko Usaha Menurut Arthur Williams dan Richard, M H, (dalam
Djojosoedarso,1999);Resiko adalah suatu variasi dari hasil-hasil yang dapat
terjadi selama periode tertentu.
Secara
istilah resiko adalah sesuatu yang selalu dikaitkan dengan kemungkinan
terjadinya keadaan yang merugikan yang disebabkan oleh kesalahan
manusia,kesalahan sistem maupun kejadian yang diluar kendali manusia.
· Contoh
kegagalan yang disebabkan oleh kesalahan sistem :
a) Perencanaan
yang kurang matang
b) Kurangnya
modal
c) Spekulatif
· Contoh
kegagalan yang disebabkan oleh kesalahan Manusia :
a) Bakat
yang tidak cocok
b) Kurang
pengalaman
c) Lemahnya
pemasaran
d) Tidak
mempunyai semangat berwirausaha
e) Tidak
mempunyai etos kerja yang tinggi
· Contoh kegagalan
yang disebabkan oleh kejadian yang diluar kendali manusia:
a) Krisis
Moneter
b) Krisis
Politik dan Keamanan
c) Bencana
Alam
Untuk itu
perlu direncanakan upaya untuk mengatasi/menghindari resiko tersebut di atas
melalui upaya-upaya sebagai berikut:
a) Ketrampilan
teknis, terutama yang berkaitan dengan proses produksi yang dihasilkan.
Misalkan yang semula dengan teknologi tradisional diganti dengan teknologi
tepat guna/modern
b) Ketrampilan
mengorganisasi yaitu kemampuan meramu yang tepat dari faktor produksi dalam
usaha mencakup SDM, SDA, modal . Ibarat membuat kue, bagaimana agar rasanya
enak, murah dan disenangi pembeli.
c) Ketrampilan
memimpin yaitu kemampuan untuk mencapai tujuan usaha dikerjakan dengan baik dan
serasi oleh semua orang yang ada pada organisasi. Untuk itu setiap pimpinan
dituntut membuat konsep kerja yang baik.
d) Membuat
strategi usaha yang terarah untuk masa depan, yang meliputi strategi produksi,
strategi keuangan, strategi SDM, strategi operasional, strategi pemasaran,
strategi penelitian dan pengembangan.
e) Mengalihkan
kerugian pada perusahaan asuransi, dengan konsekuensi setiap saat harus
membayar premi yang merupakan pengeluaran tetap
f) Mengadakan
inovasi yaitu membuat desain baru dari produk yang disenangi calon pembeli.
g) Mengadakan
penelitian pasar dan memperoleh informasi pasar secara berkesinambungan.
d) Penutup
Berisi
tentang strategi-strategi dan tindakan serta modifikasi untuk mencapai tujuan.
Proposal usaha yang disajikan terkadang perlu dilakukan revisi selama anda
berjalan dengan rencana kerja anda, untuk itu sampaikan secara terbuka
permintaan saran untuk perbaikan proposal anda,buatlah pernyataan yang positif,
fokus dan upaya agar proses dan kesempatan yang ada tetap berjalan.Sampaikan
juga kegigihan dan ketekunan Anda akan memberikan kelimpahan yang Anda inginkan
dan harapkan.
D. Mendapatkan
Informasi Untuk Rencana Usaha
Sumber
informasi untuk mendapatkan rencana usaha bisa berasal dari data sekunder yakni
melalui dokumen atau tulisan yang sudah ada baik berupa buku,tulisan karya
ilmiah,berita koran data Badan Pusat Statistik,katalog ataupun informasi yang
bersumber dari media internet atau televisi.Juga bisa berasal dari sumber
primer melalui wawancara langsung dengan pelaku usaha sebelumnya ataupun
melakukan survey ke pasar secara langsung ataupun juga bisa meminta bimbingan
langsung kepada penyedia jasa konsultasi bisnis.Penggalian informasi merupakan
salah satu aspek yang penting dalam penyusunan rencana usaha,untuk menghindari
dan mengantisipasi kegagalan usaha.Pelaku usaha dapat menggali sumber informasi
untuk mendapatkan bantuan dalam mengatasi masalah usaha yang mungkin akan
terjadi.Demikian pula sebaliknya jika pelaku usaha tidak mau menggali dan
mendapatkan informasi usaha maka akan menyebakan pelaksanaan rencana usaha
menjadi kurang efektif dan efisien yang berujung pada kegagalan
usaha.Pemanfaatan sumber-sumber informasi harus tepat sesuai dengan jenis usaha
dan kemampuan serta kebutuhan pelaku usaha. Terlebih lagi sekaran dengan adanya
mesin pencari di internet yang memudahkan kita didalam menggali informasi yang
dibutuhkan,sehingga penggalian informasi usaha sebanyak-banyaknya adalah suatu
keharusan jika kita menginginkan kesuksesan usaha kita.
BAB III
PENUTUP
A. Kesimpulan
Outline
Rencana Usaha
1. Cover
2.
Pendahuluan
3. Aspek
Perijinan dan lokasi
4. Aspek
Pemasaran
5. Aspek
Manajemen dan organisasi
6. Aspek
Produksi
7. Aspek
Keuangan
8. Aspek
Perencanaan Resiko
9. Penutup
B. Saran
DAFTAR
PUSTAKA
Bangs Jr.,
David H. 1992, “The Market Planing Guide” ,USA, Dearborn Publishing Group,inc.
Bygrave,WD.
1994,The Portable MBA in Entrepreneurship.: New York ,John Willy
& Sons.
Djojosoedarso,
Soeisno, 1999, “Prinsip-prinsip Manajemen Risiko dan Asuransi,”
Jakarta
,Salemba Empat,.
Rangkuti,
Freddy. 1997. Analisis SWOT: Teknik Membedah Kasus Bisnis-
Reorientasi
Konsep Perencanaan Strategis untuk Menghadapi Abad 21.
Jakarta:
Gramedia Pustaka Utama
Suryana,2003,”
Kewirausahaan”,Cetakan keempat, Jakarta, Penerbit Salemba Empat.
Wernerfelt,
B. 1984, A Resource-Based View of the Firm, Strategic Management
Journal,
Vol.5, pp.171-180.
Langganan:
Postingan (Atom)